Home arrow Authors arrow Mobolaji Aluko arrow The 2006 Education Budget for Nigeria - A Forensic Investigation
The 2006 Education Budget for Nigeria - A Forensic Investigation Print E-mail
Written by Bolaji Aluko   
Tuesday, 10 October 2006

INTRODUCTION

Currently, a crisis is brewing between the Education Ministry in Nigeria and the Nigerian Labour Congress over moves to "privatize" the 102 federal government colleges, aka Unity Secondary Schools,  in the country.  The controversy has led  to the possibility of all staff of such schools going on indefinite strike [see attached news item] to protest the development. In an announcement by Education Minister Oby Ezekwesili, she disclosed that while only 120,718 students and 27,200 staff  are in the 102 federal Unity Schools –  out of a total national population of   6.4 million secondary school students and  about 300 secondary schools -  a whopping 78 per cent of Federal Government's budgetary allocation to the ministry goes into the Unity Schools.  

If that were the case, then in fact, there is a serious disequilibrium in financial resource allocation with respect to these unity schools which must be looked into and corrected immediately.   As a result, a new public-private partnership might indeed ameliorate the situation.

But what is the true situation?

I went looking at the 2006 budget to answer that question.

THE 2006 BUDGET AND EDUCATION

For those who have the patience, the full 1190 page-budget will be found in:

                     http://www.budgetoffice.gov.ng /pub/020.pdf

whose publication on the Internet for any one who cares to read it  must be regarded as one of the dividends of transparent democracy, a legacy left behind by former Finance Minister Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala.

The summary Appropriation bill approved by the National Assembly in February 2006 will be found in:

                     http://www.budgetoffice.gov.ng /pub/appbill2006.pdf

However, Table 1 below is a re-formatted version of this NASS document for easier reference.

More specifically, the Education Budget section of the 2006 budget will be found in:

                   http://www.budgetoffice.gov.ng /pub/education.pdf 

which again has been summarized in Table 2 below.

SO WHAT ARE THE TRUE FIGURES?

Table 1 shows a total 2006 budget of N1.9 trillion, out of which the Education sector is N166.6 billion or 8.77%.   This is far below the recommended 26% UNESCO international target, an issue which the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) has been plaintively asking to be corrected for years now, and which continues to be a sore point between it and successive Nigerian governments.   Thus, in fact, on a macroscopic scale, the Minister of Education should actually be loudly demanding for a doubling to tripling of the education budget.

 

Next, Table 2 shows that of that N166.6 billion for Education, payroll takes a whopping 69.5%, with capital projects taking only 22.4% and overhead rounding out the rest. The Table however shows that Unity Schools take up only about 11% of the total Education budget., with its own payroll (53.6%) and Overhead (27.9%)   both taking up a Recurrent total of 81.5%, with the Capital project being about 18.5%..

It is ONLY this recurrent total of the Education budget that comes ANYWHERE close to the 78% mentioned by the Minister of Education, an observation that needs to be quickly clarified.   One hopes that she has not been misinformed in her new position as Education minister.

WHITHER THE UNITY SCHOOLS?

The above disclosures must be looked at separately from the desirability of the federal government to give up all of these Unity Schools onto new administration.   Granted that the historical mission of the unity secondary schools has been to provide an early educational forum in country where young minds can interact with those from other parts of the country, as well as to provide models of excellence to other secondary schools, one questions whether it is ONLY the federal government that can ensure those desirable outcomes.   After all, secondary education is really a remit of states in our 1999 Constitution rather than the federal government, and states too understand why unity schools are important.

Thus, rather than give the unity schools up to PRIVATE persons to manage or to own outright, one believes that the right of first refusal should be given to STATE GOVERNMENTS, since   the 102 schools mean on average about 3 schools per state.  This additional number of new schools under state administration will therefore not be an unusual burden to the states, particularly if a significant take-off fund is provided to the states by the federal government.  

Finally, while we are discussing a change in management of unity schools, we might as well discuss reversal of management of mission and other private schools that were taken over in the fever of over-centralization of the late 1970s and 80s.    As many as possible of those too should be handed back to their former owners by state governments – as has been done by Lagos State and more recently Rivers State -  with possibly five-year transition agreements worked out so that staff salaries and pensions as well as the inevitable increase in students' fees will not lead to deleterious effect on the various stakeholders.

NEWS ITEM:  FROM "THE NATION" NEWSPAPER

 

Privatisation: Unity Schools' teachers begin strike today

   9/10/2006

By Dupe Olaoye-Osinkolu and Kofoworola Belo-Osagie

Academic activities will from today be paralysed in Federal Government's Unity Schools, This is Labour's reaction to the proposed privatisation of the colleges.

The Minister of Education Dr Obiageli Ezekwesili said the privatisation move is to free the schools from total collapse as "many of them (schools) lack basic infrastructure and have become sorry sight in the landscape of secondary education."

She also disclosed that 78 per cent of Federal Government's budgetary allocation to the ministry goes into the Unity Schools which have a total student population of 120,718.

Not only that, Dr Ezekwesili said: "Our greatest concern, however, is the fact that the ministry spends an inordinate amount of time and resources on these schools that constitute only 30 per cent of the secondary schools in the country. out of 6.4 million scondary school students, only 120,718 are in the 102 Unity Schools."

Labour said many teachers and non-teaching staff would lose their jobs in the process of privatisation.

The Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC) President, Adams Oshiomhole described the planned privatisation as "perhaps the most retrogressive step ever taken in the history of education administration in Nigeria."

The NLC President believes that the attempt to privatise the schools was targeted at the poor and the middle-class.

"In the past, Unity Schools have enabled many gifted children of the poor to break out of the poverty cycle through quality and affordable public education.

The privatisation of the schools was an escapist, simplistic, anti-poor and reactionary measure in the face of the problem that required bold steps," he said.

Oshiomhole also warned the Minister to drop the idea of privatisation otherwise labour will mobilise Nigerians against the auctioning.

"We wish to warn the Minister and those invisible forces outside driving this policy that we will mobilise progressive and patriotic Nigerians, parents, teachers, the poor, middle-class and indeed all Nigerians, against the auctioning of these schools," he said.

The Minister, in response to Ohsiomhole's act burst had said the Unity Schools have already been privatised by poor management and the inefficiency of some people.

"We are proposing public/private partnership management to restore the efficiency that is lacking in the schools.

"Mounting propaganda against the proposal would not out of 27,200 staff of the Ministry of Education are employed in 102 Unity schools is a disservice to the country," she said

The Secretary-General of the Association of Senior Civil Servants of Nigeria (ASCSN) Comrade Solomon Onaghinan last week appealed to Nigerians to rise against the proposed privatisation.

"We are calling all well meaning Nigerians to rise up and stop their action. From Monday October 9 (today), there will be no more lectures in all the Unity Schools nationwide.

We are giving parents long notice in order for children until the matter is fully resolved.

"A week after (today), there will be no more services in the schools, there will be no service whatsoever. All the schools will be closed, so as to give everybody the opportunity to assess what is on ground. We have not seen any rationale behind what is being done by the minister. She can tell the parents what she means by wanting to privatise the schools."

One of the parents whose children are at the Federal Government College, Ijanikin and who simply introduced himself as Mr Akinola, told The Nation that " this government does not want the children of the poor to be educated. They want our children to serve their (the rich) own children in future."

"Anybody can come to Ijanikin and see the state of the FGC there. The Parents/Teachers Association (PTA) is doing its best in that school, so I don't know what the minister is talking about.

"All I know is they should think about God and stop oppressing the masses," he said .

Meanwhile, parents are set to withdraw their children from the schools because of the strike that begins today.

Meanwhile, the Secretary General of the Association of Senior Civil Servants of Nigeria, Mr Solomon Olaghinon, told The Nation on phone that the strike would likely continue until the issue is resolved.

He faulted claims by the Federal Government that allocations given to the schools are misappropriated, adding that for the past 15 years funds have not been given to the colleges for development projects.

"All the things the government is saying they are wrong. For the past 15 years has the government given out money for contracts? They would allocate money but it would not get to the schools. Where do they want us to get money to develop the schools? Is it from our salaries? Let the government tell us which principal, director or minister carried away the money they allocated to unity schools," he said.

For the next one week, Mr Olaghinon says teachers would keep away from the classrooms. He also confirmed that the association would likely organise rallies along the line.

Dr Ezekwesili had in a parley with the media held in Lagos recently, debunked claims of the privatisation of unity colleges.

Rather, she explained that the Federal Government was only going to franchise the brand to capable private managers but would still monitor everything that goes on in the colleges.

 

 

 

 

 

  

______________________________ ______________________________ _________________

 
 
 
TABLE 1:  NIGERIA 'S APPROPRIATION BILL 2006
(All Amounts Are in Naira Currency)

 

 

For an earlier version of this Bill, see also:


http://www.nigerianmuse.net /important_documents/Nigeria _Appropriation_bill_2006.htm

 

 

SUMMARY

 

Schedule

Amount (in Naira currency)

Schedule Part A  - Statutory Transfers 

   91,610,000,000

Schedule Part B  - Debt Service

 289,500,000,000

Schedule Part C  - Recurrent (Non-Debt Expenditure

 961,108,775,596

Schedule Part D  - Capital Expenditure

 539,233,587,755

Grand Total

1,881,452,363,351

 

 

SCHEDULE

PART A - STATUTORY TRANSFERS

 

TRANSFEREE                        

  2006 APPROPRIATION

National Judicial Council  

 35,000,000,000

Niger Delta Development Commission

   26,130,000,000

Universal Basic Education Commission 

 30,480,000,000

Total - Statutory Transfers   

 91,610,000,000

 

 

SCHEDULE

PART B - DEBT SERVICE

 

NATURE OF DEBT   

 2006  APPROPRIATION

Domestic Debts

   220,000,000,000

Foreign Debts  

 69,500,000,000

Total Debt Service

    289,500,000,000

 

 

SCHEDULE

PART C - RECURRENT (NON-DEBT) EXPENDITURE

 

MINISTRY/DEPARTMENT/AGENCY   

 2006  APPROPRIATION

 

 

The Executive

 -

 

 

Presidency 

  36,872,832,040

Intergovernmental Affairs , Special Duties and Youth  Development  

 17,019,000,000

Police Affairs 

 1,552,000,000

Police Formation & Command  

 80,648,000,000

Women Affairs  

 1,231,143,160

Agriculture & Rural Development 

  15,415,828,655

Office of the Auditor-General of the Federation

  1,897,594,082

Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences   Comm.

  784,739,498

Water Resources  

 4,484,529,763

Defence/MOD/Army/Air Force/Navy

  85,752,943,575

Education  

 129,232,212,676

Federal Capital Territory

   0

Foreign Affairs 

  25,373,344,499

Finance  

 5,000,076,329

Health  

 67,777,199,998

Industry  

 2,596,613,054

Information and National Orientation 

  12,805,674,999

Internal Affairs 

 33,262,579,038

Office of the Head of Service of the Federation 

  2,987,678,379

Justice  

 5,023,610,691

Labour and Productivity 

  4,391,828,889

Power and Steel  

 3,382,764,019

Science and Technology 

  6,262,921,919

Sports and Social Development 

   3,573,325,483

Public Complaints Commission  

 922,150,000

Commerce  

 2,345,070,697

Ministry of Transport 

  3,549,948,963

Petroleum Resources  

 14,922,000,001

Works 

  18,281,685,246

Communication  

 4,584,013,432

Housing & Urban Development 

  5,163,500,001

Solid Minerals Development  

 2,765,701,297

Aviation

 1,608,500,000

National Salaries and Wages Commission 

 161,686,183

Environment 

 3,313,286,129

Co-operation and Integration in Africa   

 618,500,000

Culture and Tourism 

 4,450,000,000

Office of the National Security Adviser 

 12,316,686,404

TOTAL - EXECUTIVE  

622,331,169,099

 

 

 

 

FEDERAL EXECUTIVE BODIES

  -

 

 

 

 

Police Service Commission  

 317,000,000

National Population Commission  

 3,211,555,260

Federal Civil Service Commission  

 644,750,000

Independent National Electoral Commission  

 12,170,509,272

Federal Character Commission  

 824,896,250

Revenue Mobilisation Fiscal & Allocation Commission  

 750,000,000

Code of Conduct Bureau 

  617,421,344

 

 

TOTAL - FEDERAL EXECUTIVE BODIES  

 18,536,132,126

 

 

THE LEGISLATURE (NATIONAL ASSEMBLY) 

 -

National Assembly Office 

 4,805,817,937

Senate 

 14,719,767,267

House of Representatives 

 21,692,062,193

National Assembly Service Commission 

 404,517,612

Senate Public Accounts Committee Secretariat 

 75,000,000

House Public Accounts Committee Secretariat 

 75,000,000

General Services 

 4,268,685,988

Legislative Aides 

 3,489,892,586

TOTAL - NATIONAL ASSEMBLY  

49,530,743,583

 

 

CONSOLIDATED REVENUE FUND CHARGES-GENERAL

 -  

Pension - Pay As You Go 

 82,900,000,000

Life insurance for public servants 

 3,100,000,000

Transfer to the Redemption Fund 

 15,000,000,000

Arrears of 2005 Pension - Pay As You Go 

 16,900,000,000

 

 0

SERVICE - WIDE VOTES

0

Petroleum Support Fund 

 75,000,000,000

Public Service Reform

 43,123,000,000

Public Service Wage Adjustment (including 2006 Promotions)  

 10,000,000,000

Margin for Increased Costs 

 2,000,000,000

Contributions to International Organisations 

 6,000,000,000

2003 Arrears of Monetisation - Balance 

 1,400,000,000

Contingency 

 4,500,000,000

TOTAL OTHER RECURRENT (NON DEBT)  

259,923,000,000

TOTAL RECURRENT (NON DEBT)  

 950,321,044,808

 

 

SCHEDULE

PART D - CAPITAL EXPENDITURE

 

MINISTRY/DEPARTMENT/AGENCY  

 2006 APPROPRIATION

 

 

The Executive

  -

Presidency 

 18,057,233,523

Intergovernmental Affairs , Special Duties and Youth  Development 

 1,221,000,000

Police Affairs 

0

Police Formation & Command 

 5,335,000,000

Women Affairs 

 1,268,856,840

Agriculture & Rural Development 

 15,397,562,345

Office of the Auditor-General of the Federation 

 402,405,918

Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences   Commissions 

 315,260,502

Water Resources 

 75,761,000,940

Defence/MOD/Army/Air Force/Navy 

 15,699,001,188

Education 

 37,389,441,082

Federal Capital Territory 

 53,400,000,000

Foreign Affairs 

 6,126,873,766

Finance 

 3,018,676,534

Health 

 39,162,800,002

Industry 

 407,300,000

Information and National Orientation 

 2,144,325,001

Internal Affairs 

 8,487,420,962

Office of the Head of Service of the Federation 

 3,020,966,261

Justice 

 808,107,122

Labour and Productivity 

 796,114,135

Power and Steel 

 74,710,240,083

Science and Technology 

 7,187,078,084

Sports and Social Development 

 1,726,674,517

Public Complaints Commission 

 77,850,000

Commerce 

 1,929,929,303

Ministry of Transport 

 2,177,096,941

Petroleum Resources 

 1,078,000,000

Works 

 72,793,314,755

Communication 

 2,415,986,568

Housing & Urban Development 

 2,831,499,999

Solid Minerals Development 

 4,544,358,091

Aviation 

 3,641,500,000

National Salaries and Wages Commission 

 38,313,817

Environment 

 2,742,061,049

Co-operation and Integration in Africa  

481,500,000 

Culture and Tourism

4,050,000,000

Office of the National Security Adviser 

 3,183,313,596

TOTAL - EXECUTIVE  

  473,828,062,924

 

 

FEDERAL EXECUTIVE BODIES

 -

Police Service Commission  

 18,000,000

National Population Commission  

 6,788,444,740

Federal Civil Service Commission  

 55,250,000

Independent National Electoral Commission  

 42,329,490,728

Federal Character Commission  

 175,103,750

Revenue Mobilisation Fiscal & Allocation Commission  

 350,000,000

Code of Conduct Bureau 

  257,578,656

TOTAL - FEDERAL EXECUTIVE BODIES  

  49,973,867,874

 

 

THE LEGISLATURE (NATIONAL ASSEMBLY) 

 -

National Assembly Office 

 1,776,520,353

Senate 

 1,288,375,509

House of Representatives 

 2,110,051,000

National Assembly Service Commission 

 80,000,000

TOTAL - NATIONAL ASSEMBLY  

5,254,946,862

 

 

CAPITAL SUPPLEMENTATION 

 -

Payment to Local Contractors 

 25,000,000,000

Counterpart Funding 

 2,000,000,000

Adjustments to Capital Costs 

 1,000,000,000

Recapitalisation of Development Banks

 

Nigerian Agricultural & Cooperative Bank Limited 

 3,500,000,000

Bank of Industry Limited 

 3,500,000,000

Federal Mortgage Bank of Nigeria Limited 

 3,500,000,000

Millennium Development Goals - Monitoring and Evaluation  

 1,000,000,000

TOTAL - CAPITAL SUPPLEMENTATION  

 39,500,000,000

TOTAL - CAPITAL EXPENDITURE  

 568,556,877,659

GRAND TOTAL  

 1,899,987,922,467

 

Signed by the Senate and House February 16, 2006

Assented to by the President February 21, 2006

 

 Re-compiled from the PDF version by NigerianMuse.com

 

 

 

 

TABLE 2:  Education Budget 2006   (In Naira)

Source: http://www.budgetoffice.gov.ng /pub/education.pdf 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Payroll

Overhead

Capital

Total

Percentage

MAIN MINISTRY

2,200,171,738

495,142,011.9

4,910,666,084

7,605,979,833.9

4.56%

OTHER PARASTATALS

6,021,121,007

2,270,546,162

8,139,985,900

16,431,653,069

9.86%

UNIVERSITIES

68,955,116,361

2,735,237,916

7,080,757,723

78,771,112,000

47.28%

COLLEGES OF EDUCATION

10,278,966,116

1,117,728,354

4,974,433,523

16,371,127,993

9.83%

POLYTECHNICS

18,375,638,799

1,454,423,067

2,121,000,019

21,951,061,885

13.17%

UNITY SCHOOLS

9,749,658,463

5,071,225,757

3,367,771,783

18,188,656,003

10.92%

UNESCO

159,827,511.9

282,409,413

45,411,300

487,648,224.9

0.29%

UBE PROGRAMS

0

0

6,749,414,750

6,749,414,750

4.05%

CPRCN

36,999,999.9

28,000,000

0

64,999,999.9

0.04%

Total

115,777,499,995.8

13,454,712,680.9

37,389,441,082

166,621,653,758.7

100.00%

Percentage

69.49%

8.08%

22.43%

100.00%

 




RobotRobot is offline 
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 # 1

Rather than give the unity schools up to PRIVATE persons to manage or to own o...Read the full article.

Posted by Robot| 10.10.2006 07:50

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techsistatechsista is offline 
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 # 2

I'd love to hear why you think state governments would do better than
private individuals or the federal government in running unity schools.
By the way, having gone to one myself, I agree with the statement that
it allowed Nigerian children from all walks of life access to an education;
your parents definitely didn't have to be middle class (or richer). Is it
a foregone conclusion that this aspect of unity schools would disappear
with privatization?

I think it is a disgrace that Nigeria spends as little as it does on education.
Those upset about Nigerian universities being absent from recent world
rankings and at the bottom of African rankings would do well to look at
some of the figures you've provided on funding for education. Shameful!

Posted by techsista| 11.10.2006 17:57

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Soul SistaSoul Sista is offline 
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 # 3

Prof. Aluko:

Thanks for an informative article, as usual. I disagree with your suggestion that state governments should take over the unity schools. Given what has happened to the schools that were controlled by state governments over the years, I think we should be very wreary of letting them have their hands on unity schools. My knowledge may be limited to Western Nigeria, but I cannot think of any state government school that one can point to with pride right now. At least, many unity schools still possess some pretences to quality.

My problem with the proposed policy is that I doubt that it is well thought through. When did Mrs. Ezekwesili become the minister that she has had the time to consider the implications of such a far reaching and monumental decision? What other options has she considered and why privatization, of all of them? As you rightly point out, the statistics are troubling; whether we consider the fact that we are spending so little on something as important as education or we consider that, of the little being spent, the larger portion goes to recurrent expenditure.

Nevertheless, you cannot just come and say the response is privatization, end of story. Is it the kind of privatization that they did between Arik Air and Nigerian Airways? Or the type that they have done with NITEL? At the same time, I don't think the knee jerk reaction of going on strike is the appropriate response. This is part of my problem with Nigerian trade unions. Surely, strike is not the only industrial language in the workers' dictionary. If we agree that there is a problem, why are the most involved stake holders not willing to engage the minister and come out with alternatives? Perhaps Mrs. Ezekwesili's proposal is based on the limits of her own imagination and limited experience in education. There has to be another way to engage these people beyond the usual "their own children are not suffering" "they don't care about the masses" rhetoric. I think they have become immune to such comments anyway so we need to get their attention in some other fashion.

Of public and private partnerships, I wonder whether the old students associations would consider taking over some of these schools in a phased manner with government still involved in some fashion. I think the old students association of my alma mata will do a good job. Also, I am under the impression that the old students of FGC Warri are also a very interested lot. I wonder whether there is something to be said for their sentimental attachment, desire give back, and plain old money making combined?

Soul Sista a/k/a Soul Sizzling

Posted by Soul Sista| 11.10.2006 18:34

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katampekatampe is offline 
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 # 4


=Soul Sista;133992>Prof. Aluko:


My problem with the proposed policy is that I doubt that it is well thought through. When did Mrs. Ezekwesili become the minister that she has had the time to consider the implications of such a far reaching and monumental decision?



I agree with you.Researches take a while, you have to gather, analyse and interprete data.It says a lot about the abitrariness of policy making.


Of public and private partnerships, I wonder whether the old students associations would consider taking over some of these schools in a phased manner with government still involved in some fashion.



P3 is the buzz word for government abandoning its responsibility. I am not sure the old students can do a thorough job.Better to think up innovative ways of bringing the cost of education down. The world has shifted to a knowledge based economy, and we need a critical mass of educated citizenry to be able to innovate and compete on the world stage.
Education is a public good and it is better left in the hands of government.There is a distinction between a public problem and a social problem. Social problems are better handled by interest groups.


I think the old students association of my alma mata will do a good job. Also, I am under the impression that the old students of FGC Warri are also a very interested lot. I wonder whether there is something to be said for their sentimental attachment, desire give back, and plain old money making combined?



I suspect the climate of the school must have helped. I hear there principal was an Oyinbo man Pa Davies, cricket games and swimming outings at Ogunu Shell Camp were common features of school life. Some just find it hard to forget you know. And some even still recite the school air!

Great Fedgocol I thee revere
My ever dearest alma mater
Prepare me with the tenderset care
a seedling nursed a blossom fair
Instill in me the wisdon and truth
To tread on earth with love in view
Uphld the course of brotherhood in honour bound be tru and good


On that glorius day
I am yet to see
When thee I leave for life's great sea,
Great Fedgo, fedgocol with pride and joy
I vow to reflect, and thee adore,


And to sing that you would have passed through an initiation.

INITIATION PLEDGE

My name is ...
I am fag a stinking fag
As from today i promise to abandon all my sheepish and uncultured behaviour
And with your kind permission
I beg to entertain you by ...

Summary, FGC, Warri was like a cult.Once you are initiated you become a member for life .

Posted by katampe| 11.10.2006 23:15

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Bolaji AlukoBolaji Aluko is offline 
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 # 5

Gentle people of the Board:


I am not against the spirit of the purpose of the Unity Schools. However, I do not believe that ONLY the Federal government can achieve that spirit.

In any case, my essay provided four alternatives:

1. asking for the more-than-double money that the Education sector is due - after questioning the very financial-constraint rationale that the Education Minister gave in the first instance.

2. sharing the financial burden with state by turning some or all of them over to the states;

3. Turning formerly privately-owned schools BACK to their previous owners;

4. Having private MANAGEMENT (not ownership) as being proposed by the Education Minister.


I always believe in providing a raft of options, and having rational people sit around a table and seeing which best suit their schools and circumstances.

My own alma mater - Christ's School, Ado-Ekiti - has come up with a 6-year phased plan for our alum and the Diocese to take over the school, most likely after we get a more compliant governor.

Posted by Bolaji Aluko| 12.10.2006 22:43

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onwuchekwaonwuchekwa is offline 
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 # 6

Sir,

Well said. A very informative article.

The issue of funding is at the heart of the minister's proposals, and the incontrovertible facts you have published have shown them to be on shaky ground at best, or another Iraqi WMD-like misinformation campaign at worst.

You did mention that you don't believe the Unity Schools are the ONLY means of promoting the goals of national unity / inter-ethnic understanding, but omitted to mention the other alternatives you have in mind. I am quite curious, given that i am yet to see institutions that have been successful as the Unity Schools in fostering social integration at a time when students' minds are yet unseared by the terrible iron of ethnic stereotyping.

State schools, almost by definition, give priority for admission to students who are citizens of that state and/or resident there (let me avoid the irksome 'state of origin' debate!). The Unity schools, however, have give admission on the basis of merit and, thereafter, of geographical spread to deserving students - regardless of social class or religion affiliation. I, therefore, do not see the handing of Unity schools to State schools as the way forward as far as national unity is concerned (though you never really implied that you thought that either). I do agree however that it is a lesser evil than privatising the unity schools because State schools continue to allow economically deprived students have an education.

When i passed my JAMB UME to study Engineering, I will not forget the list of entrants (in order of merit) posted on the University's result board. The first 10 names on the list, bar one, were from Unity Schools. And when i graduated in the '90s, the top graduating students of the various Engineering departments, had finished from Unity Schools. There is no doubt that the quality of the Unity Schools has dropped in the intervening years, but I would prefer that the Hon. Minister for Education spend more effort in effective management of the schools and their entry processes, ensuring that the 80% or 11% or whatever gets deployed to do what it was budgeted to do (as per 'due process'!) than in becoming an eager auctioneer at this stage. I would want the government to run the schools effectively, or pay private companies to run the schools effectively, rather than sell them off to the same old moneybags under the guise of 'partnership' (a la Transcorp) with the private sector.

I look forward to reading more from you on this issue.

Posted by onwuchekwa| 14.10.2006 08:21

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Bolaji AlukoBolaji Aluko is offline 
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 # 7

Dear Board Members:

There are two things that I wish to make clear that I have stated with respect to this unity school palava:

1. that the federal government is NOT the only institution that can, through Unity Schools, foster academic excellence, national integration AND a sense of of national unity.

2. that it is not only UNITY SCHOOLS that can foster academic excellence, national integration and a sense of national unity.


They are subtly two different issues, even if related.


As to the first point (exclusivity of federal government), if a state government, local governmnet or private proprietor, appreciative of what the Federal Government has done, DECIDES, in its own wisdom, to devote a number of its primary and secondary institutions to THE SAME kinds of mission as these Federal Unity Schools, is anyone telling me that they cannot succeed? What is INTRINSIC in the federal government that informs that state, local governments or private persons cannot carry out such a mission if they so deem fit?

All it takes is commitment to the mission. It does not require that ALL the state institutions are devoted to the mission , just that that SOME of them are.

In fact, if the federal government were imaginative enough, while operating all of these unity schools all of this time, it should have been devoting a CERTAIN percentage of its other monies to GIVING GRANTS to such other institutions that are promoting the same kind of thing that the federal government is promoting. But when the federal government ALONE is trying to achieve what VIRTUALLY all - or at least a large majority of - institutions should be achieving, that is why the Minister will be crying "Too much money being spent on too few students!"

As to the second point (exclusivity of unity schools), let me begin with the United States that I currently live in. I have five kids, two boys of who have graduated from the university, two girls who are in the university and one still hoping to make university in four years time ! :-) They all went to primary, middle and high schools within one mile of our home in Burtonsville, Maryland. The four college kids went to university within 10 miles of our home - one to Howard University, the others to our Maryland state university (College Park), virtually all of them on full academic/sports scholarship. I can assure you that maybe 95-96% of American kids are like that in terms of proximity of educational institutions - certainly in the pre-university education, because there is an almost national neighborhood-school policy.

Now, I do not believe that this militates AGAINST the feeling of these young people being integrated into the United States as CITIZENS. TV homogenizes them, and shows both the richness and diversity of the country. There are NATIONAL RITUALS - particularly nationalist(ic) holidays (Columbus, Presidents, Veterans, Independence, days etc.) and sports (football, baseball, basketball, etc.) - which they share. Civic education in the schools and on TV is outstanding. They have opportunities to travel the country with family and on student excursions.

Now I know that Nigeria is NOT the US, but the point is that there will be aspects of things that work elsewhere that can also work in Nigeria. Too often, we believe in such an EXCLUSIVITY of Nigeria ("That can't work here....this is the ONLY thing that can work here") that we close our eyes and ears to other ideas.

In an essay that I once wrote, I stated that LANGUAGE instruction is one thing that can INTENTIONALLY foster better integration in Nigeria. For example, we can require that in the primary school, each child learn a language other than one spoken at home and/or spoken in the region of residence. In JSS another language; in SSS yet another language; and finally university another language. By the time you are done with education, you don't have to be SUPER proficient in many languages, but enough to say "I want to eat food", "Where is the way?", "I love you - I want to marry you!" :-) etc.

If language instructors are a barrier, we can use Information Technology to teach the languages long-distance.

Language breaks ice.

Civics education is another VITAL aspect of national integration. Teaching about democracy and our duty to society is important. Having VOTING and ELECTIONS to class and school offices from primary through secondary school - not just students' union elections in universities - would be introduced. Learning about OTHER people in Nigeria, and how they relate to your people; providing money for EXCURSIONS as well as one to two-week holidays - and I mean as NATIONAL POLICY, not only for those who can afford it.

And there is not reason that we cannot have a SECONDARY SCHOOL CORPS - just as we have the NYSC - except that it might be for a ONE-MONTH PERIOD where whole groups of students from private and public schools are engaged in community service AWAY from their states of residence.

So for us to depend almost ONLY on UNITY SCHOOLS to foster national unity among our young minds is completely INSUFFICIENT, and should have been expanded all of these years.

I did not go to a UNITY school, but when I went to Christ's School, Ado-Ekiti, people from ALL OVER NIGERIA came to the school. My Senior College brother was Tunde Njoku - he was in Upper Six when I was in Form One - and I still keep in touch with him till today. His parents lived in Ibadan. Another senior mentor from Nssien - he came to school from Calabar, if I remember rightly. The Okpaises and Jamgbadis came from the Midwest. The two Mohammeds (Moslems obviously!) came from Benin.

And so on..

Yes, most students came from Ekiti and Yorubaland - but so what?

Now, my younger siblings attended Unity Schools - one Federal Government College, Ilorin, and another FGC, Odogbolu - but I do not believe that they are more NATIONALISTIC in outlook than myself. But they SPEAK ENGLISH all the time more than myself because with a deliberately diverse population, they had little choice, but I doubt if merely speaking another persons lingua franca - which happens to be ours too - necessarily builds national unity.

One more concern: the FGCs probably have a pernicious effect of creating an elite mentality - but I do not wish to flog that particular point. That can always be corrected at the family level.

I hope that you all get my point.

Best wishes all.


Bolaji Aluko

Posted by Bolaji Aluko| 14.10.2006 19:27

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Bolaji AlukoBolaji Aluko is offline 
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Dear NVS members:


After thinking that this essay had run its course, I suddenly got an email from the Minister of Education, Mrs. Oby Ezekwesili, yesterday, complaining about its content and seeking to clarify some issues. She is a friend from pro-democracy-movement (PDM) days here in the US. While at one level, her note to me can be considered a personal (or private) one, at another level, I believe that she wants it shared with other Nigerians without me having to FILTER her explanations.

I reproduce the "reproducible" portions below. She contacted me through my NigerianMuse website


QUOTE from Education Minister Ezekwesili

Message from oby ezekwesili - October 20, 2006, 3:52 pm

Topic: Pitifully Wrong Again on Me, Bolaji!
City: Abuja
Email: oby......@.........com

You have once again rushed to miss the point on me, my dear Bolaji. There is a difference between Education Budget (Education sector wide budget: FME + parastatals + tertiary institutions owned by FG) and the Fed Ministry of Education Budget ( FME bureaucracy + the 102 Unity Schools) The latter is what I refer to whenever I talk about the portion of the FME budget and personnel deployed to Unity schools. (Total personnel of FME is 27,200 and 23400 are deployed to Unity schools, while the annual budget share ranges from 65% to as much as 80% in some years)

That is the fact Bolaji. Just a call to me would have saved you the imitation James Bond Forensic!

No one misinformed because I first always spend my 8 weeks reading and learning voraciously on any assignment I am given to enable an evidence based road map before speaking out about my findings and proposed actions/options.

FINALLY BOLAJI, OUR PROPOSAL WAS NEVER AND HAS NEVER BEEN A SALE OF UNITY SCHOOLS. WE SEEK A PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP WHEREBY THE FG WILL REMAIN OWNER/REGULATOR AND FUNDER WHILE NON-GOVERNMENT PARTNER-MANAGERS LIKE PTAS, ALUM ASSOCIATIONS, PRIVATE PROVIDERS OF EDUCATION, SCHOOL MANANGEMENT COMMITTEE WILL RUN THE SCHOOLS FOR OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY THAT GUARANTEES CRITICAL IMPROVEMENT IN THE CURRENT DISMAL ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENTS OF OUR CHILDREN WHO ARE THE REAL AND MOST IMPORTANT REASON THE SCHOOLS EXIST AT ALL.

I very gladly welcome and I am pleased by the current national debate on the education sector for the fact that once more there is an awakening on all fronts that it is the most important sector for our own nation too. Something that other nations seem to have figured out better than us.

The reform program that we have developed for the sector and will be sharing with the nation at the Presidential Forum on Education slated for 10am on 28 October is robust and the Unity school aspect of it is almost a pin hole within a neglected six (six spheres of education for which the FME is responsible for policy articulation, coordination and delivery).

Our education sector is in deep crisis Bolaji and please avoid joining those who being unable to think deep are assuming that simply leaving Unity Schools as they currently are but with more funding will assure us the human capital that we seek.

Hope you are well. Give my best love to all.

Oby

PS: ... material deleted...


END QUOTE from Education Minister Ezekwesili


Of course, I have responded to her, as follows:


BEGIN QUOTE of Aluko Response to Education Minister Ezekwesili


Oby:

Thanks for your thoughts.

---- materials deleted ----

Now moving on to the substantive issue....here is what I wrote AGAIN :

QUOTE

http://www.nigerianmuse.com/essays/?u=The_2006_Education_Budget_for_Nigeria_A_Forensic_Investigation.htm

Table 1 shows a total 2006 budget of N1.9 trillion, out of which the Education sector is N166.6 billion or 8.77%. This is far below the recommended 26% UNESCO international target, an issue which the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) has been plaintively asking to be corrected for years now, and which continues to be a sore point between it and successive Nigerian governments. Thus, in fact, on a macroscopic scale, the Minister of Education should actually be loudly demanding for a doubling to tripling of the education budget.

Next, Table 2 shows that of that N166.6 billion for Education, payroll takes a whopping 69.5%, with capital projects taking only 22.4% and overhead rounding out the rest. The Table however shows that Unity Schools take up only about 11% of the total Education budget., with its own payroll ( 53.6%) and Overhead (27.9%) both taking up a Recurrent total of 81.5%, with the Capital project being about 18.5%..

It is ONLY this recurrent total of the Education budget that comes ANYWHERE close to the 78% mentioned by the Minister of Education, an observation that needs to be quickly clarified. One hopes that she has not been misinformed in her new position as Education minister.

UNQUOTE


I took the above information from this official document, which I reformatted:

TABLE 2: Education Budget 2006 (In Naira)

Source: http://www.budgetoffice.gov.ng /pub/education.pdf

Now, from table's PAYROLL section, that of the "MAIN MINISTRY" and that of "UNITY SCHOOLS" are SEPARATED. The question that I need to ask from the Minister is the following: are Unity School staff PART of the MAIN MINISTRY or separate? The above table says they are separate. What about that of the Polytechnics or Universities?

Now, if you ADD the budget of the MAIN MINISTRY to that of the UNITY SCHOOLS, then their COMBINED PAYROLL BUDGET for 2006 is N11.95 billion, of which the Unity Schools component is 81.6%. But would be the basis of that ISOLATION of the unity schools vis-a-vis the ministry?

Most importantly, I never believed that your announcement was to "sell" or "privatize" the Unity Schools, but rather to promote a public-private