When I read some writers, detractors and enemies of peoples’ survival and existence write tirelessly and meaninglessly with venoms, with embellished concocted explanations of what they understand, and see as Biafra/Biafrans, I laugh. Let there be no contradictions or confusion, Biafra is a republic, a geopolitical space and a great nation. 

" /> The Great State of Biafra Is Strong and Alive - Nigerian Village Square

04

Jun

2006

The Great State of Biafra Is Strong and Alive PDF Print E-mail
By Carlisle U.O. Umunnah

The Great State of Biafra Is Strong and Alive

When I read some writers, detractors and enemies of peoples’ survival and existence write tirelessly and meaninglessly with venoms, with embellished concocted explanations of what they understand, and see as Biafra/Biafrans, I laugh. This groups and individuals regardless of their ages, their pedigrees in interdisciplinary orthodoxies introspectively found within the four walls of intellectual establishments, yet unlettered on many matters, especially when it comes to the idea, Biafra. This notwithstanding, one is prompted to respond to groups and entities with foregoing dispositions and indeed needs do all within its powers as h/she possibly can to educate and enlighten them or remind them further for record purposes. For other considerations, I encourage these groups, to go and do their research properly. This is because when it comes to what Biafra really represents to Ndiigbo, Nigeria and the world they might discover a world of wisdom for their children and grandchildren. Let there be no contradictions or confusion, Biafra is a republic, a geopolitical space and a great nation.

"Because time itself is like a spiral, something special happens on your birthday each year: The same energy that God invested in you at birth is present once gain."—Menchem Mendel Mchneerson 

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On May 30, 1967 in pursuit of their self-determination armed with the Peoples Consultative Assembly and the Advisory Committee of Chiefs and Elders, the two only functioning political bodies in the Eastern region, with the massive killings of Ndiigbo and those that look like them, by the Arab-Muslim fundamentalists in the North and elsewhere, after considerable intensive re-assessments and re-evaluations, ordered Lieutenant-Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu to declare secession of the Eastern Region from Nigeria and establishment without further delays the Republic of Biafra. The Peoples Republic of Biafra was amongst other things were meant and definitely instituted to put to a stop the bleeding of its peoples and fortification of its defenses, in defense of its peoples and territory. The causes of the actions that ensued are traceable to the pogrom that dates back to 1934 through Maiduguri 2006. These and many other inter-generational ills, discriminatory practices, marginalization and containment policies against the enterprise—Igbo, by fed, cannot be overemphasized. Regardless of rescue operations recently deployed by this administration, for example, the  appointment of Paul Dike to the top rank of Service Chief position, 39 years later is in short too little too late maneuver. What has sustained the idea Biafra amongst other things is continuous existence of the aforementioned pathological pandemics predicated on unattended pillages and unprecedented breakdown of law and order across the land and, premeditatedly designed to sustain and secure plunderers, liars, looters, mischief makers, and their friends and by so doing, these illegitimate actions squandered the golden hand shake across the Niger by Dim Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu—evidently and thusly, sustaining the disposition and other considerations here and elsewhere that the idea Biafra, is a better idea for Ndiigbo and many other responsible Nigerians and Nigeria-State. By application, this response of inactions and actions by fed showcases the fact that live is not guaranteed within the Nigeria political space, especially when it comes to these massive killings. Igbo has therefore, revealed or unveiled new doctrine called Igbo-Doctrine. Armed with this new doctrine, Ndiigbo and law abiding Nigerians have been warned to prepare itself and defend itself, within this unchartered frontier, to fight to a stand-still from and within the space they were attacked as this shall be backed-up by a speedy response across the Eastern landscape. This measure is our God given right in defense of our family, elderly and our children. The nation has been warned.

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We all know that 2007 is filled with measures of uncertainties and 1966 issues/concerns are yet to be addressed. Corruption and greed then, corruption and greed today are unprecedented. It has become clear that Obasanjo and his cronies will gamble and heat up yet again the body polity. Third term manipulations will be a child’s play considering the contextual theatrical jibes of the actors of this experiment called Nigeria.

By 1967, at the heat of these and similar precipices, one Anthony Eromosele Enahoro arguing against Biafra has this to say in London: "If secession by Ojukwu and his group is accomplished, Nigeria will most probably disintegrate… and a chain reaction will be set up all over Africa. Africa would end up in petty little principalities. Each successor ‘mini state’ would be sovereign enough to acquire foreign protectors and purchase arms. Such situation, with its inevitable dislocations and frictions over boundaries, trade and division of assets, would produce wars." Some decades later, the same Anthony Enahoro and Olusegun Obasanjo have a different tune and speak with both sides of their months… By July 2, 2002, Enahoro remarked at a Polo Club, Lagos:

"Given our traumatic experience, I suggest that the following question is pertinent: should the constitution allow for the ultimate change of secession? In the past, this issue has been treated as a taboo topic but the absence of thought and debate on this matter is a poor substitute of judgment. Obasanjo has helpfully opened discussion on it in his book This Animal Called Man, wherein he stated that any future constitution of Nigeria must provide for a right of secession. This is but recognition of the reality that, short of brute force, the only way that different nationalities can be kept together in the long term is by their will to stay together." This apparently is a new trend for a man whose interviews and public proclamations indeed impeded or resisted even the creation of Midwest. It is therefore clear that, "those who do not learn from History are damned to repeat it…" George Santayana.

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As we celebrate the declaration of the great republic—Biafra on May 30, 1967, a battle of attrition executed gallantly and fearlessly, we remember with pride and honor that it was the right thing to do to secure or existence. The actions and freedom of three years which, actions and freedom was differed in January 15, 1970 is up and running again through peaceful means manned by MOSSAB. The Sun has risen and lighted again east of the Niger and this time around we will not blink because Biafrans will never forget the events that led to the massacre of over 6 million of our men, women, children and old people that culminated to the birth of your statehood, a statehood predicated and born in the defense of your family, children, heritage, religion and humanity. For the unlearned, Biafra is a people, Biafra is Igbo; it is our survival and protection of our identity and industriousness; it is our humanity and our heritage. Without the bravery of our men and women who fought gallantly to protect our villages, territorial waters and lands, the likes of Ngozi Okonjo Iweala, Ekwesiliezes and others would not have survived or lived to have their opportunities today. We owe it to the great men and

Women, who acted with candor, resiliency, gallantry and commitment in the defense of the motherland; these heroes braved the incessant bombardments and were necessary paid the supreme sacrifice by laying down their lives for the sake of their friends, follow Biafrans, their motherland and their dignity. We remember, revere and adore these great men and women, living and fallen heroes today and forever. All hail thee Biafra. Without your volunteerism, Ndiigbo would have been destroyed off of its earth-plate by bloodthirsty Arab-Islamic fundamentalists, enemies of righteousness, enemies of God.

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Obafemi Awolowo, an opportunist and other opportunists like him including Anthony Enahoro waged a war of treachery, a war of criminality and a war of opportunism; they accomplished this criminality by blockading food from international community from entering Biafra territories. The deployment of starvation as a means to starve off Biafra volunteerism predicated on their determination for self-determination, in an effort to free itself from foreign dominance real and imagined within its frontiers is self-evident. We remember your crimes, hypocrisies, chameleonism against humanity and you will pay one by one. As long as the spirit of Biafra lives, so does Biafra. Long live Biafra. Long live motherland.

As we review past and present situations, it is important that we call Ndiigbo and sundry to support MASSOB and its members across our land for championing a just and equitable cause for a just society. This is imperative, just as Arewa and Oduduwa and others within this classification serve the interest of their tribes and regions there is nothing wrong in having our young men and women fortifying our space. There are no pretensions that tribalism and ethnicity is first the beginning of our own statehood, without it there is no Nigeria. To postulate the craziness of the fraudulent and pretended engineering, nationalism was deferred. This was practically displayed by even the barbaric Abacha. Abacha wanted the nation to adopt French language as nation’s second language after English language. This is irresponsibility, way ahead of the three major tribal languages—Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. That’s how crazy and mundane this place is. Not until there is a true nationalism amassed with sincerity, built and based on enduring sustainable nationalistic tendencies that would produce and trigger a viable progressive enterprise for the good of our peoples there will be no turning back.

I understand some of my colleagues on the other side of the equation will be pretty much disappointed in me having served as NANS Chief Mobilization Officer [CMO] at the national level, were we made a significant impact vis-à-vis June 12 experiment. However, let me say this, dear friends accept my sympathies. Please note that we live in ever changing world and, I am communicating based on the realities on the ground. And, this reality is about life and dead. Since 1999 to 2006, over 20,000 Ndiigbo, men, women, elderly and children have being Balkanized under Obasanjo’s watch and machinations. It is pertinent to ask were would my help come from? As it stand, either by commission or omission, may say that evil triumph in our society because good men do nothing, this is in addition to the lawlessness that has besieged and a-washed our society. Indeed, one is left to himself and his community, left to self-determination to be or not to be part of this arrangement. The chance to provide security and restore law and order to its region, for this reason our people and our families comes first. Historical documents show that regionalism was the original master plan before the Lord Lugard’s British creationism of 1914; of course this criminal creationism served the interest of the British Empire and its vassal states with its African late-comers at one end, and, their greedy beneficiaries that serves as its atlantics interlocutor or, links on the other end. 

We shall return to the right to and control of our geopolitical space and claim anew our right to our territorial integrity in any circumstance. It is therefore, pretty clear that there exist a trajectory, contradictions, conflicts between people’s right to self-determination and a nation’s coerced territorial integrity based on black-gold [oil]; there is also additionally, conflict of freedom and unity built on treachery and fraud. UN charter allows for self-determination found in No. 48, 49 of self-determination documentation. But some of its characteristics are self-evident namely I] it shall be a government based on the will of the people; II] freedom from internal and external dominance; III] freedom to pursue economic, cultural and, social development; IV] freedom to enjoy fundamental human rights; V] the absence of discrimination based on ethnicity, religion and or political beliefs.

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Recent and past Case studies:

We have witnessed several nations who have seceded or attempted to secede from oppressive govermentalities based on doctrine and rule of self-determination. East Timor as a non-self governing in the 60s, Quebec seceded from Canada on many occasions although by 1998 the Canadian top Court-Supreme ruled against that; Biafra attempted and failed to secede from Nigeria and lunched into three year bitter civil war.

East Timor

By 1999, the UN Security Council reached agreement with the Portugal and Indonesia to allow the people of East Timor to vote on a special autonomy within Indonesia frontiers. Registered voters voted overwhelmingly to move on as independent state. UN was successful in East Timor.

Quebec

This is pretty contradictory to the success in East Timor. By 1998, the Quebec government asked the supreme court of Canada if there are possibilities for Quebec to secede on self-determination based on international law or based on Canadian constitution. The court shutdown Quebec dreams as its population voted against it self-determination quest. What an irony.

Biafra

In 1914 British administrator introduced the amalgamation of Northern and Southern protectorates and Lagos colony, this move was pretty unpopular amongst these populations. Nothing is similar amongst these groups. Not even the language or culture or anything is similar except that they somehow look alike or imbibes the hueism or similarity of color skin. Hausa-Fulani in the North, the Yoruba in the West and the Igbo in the East, and, by the time independent came the three regional powers were threatening secessions. Suspicion, envy and others set the stage. Young Igbo military officers destabilized the center installed Umunnakwe Aguiyi-Ironsi as military head and within the space of six months there was a counter coup that brought in Yakubu Gowon [Jack] to power the rest is history, they say. This whole drama, including the killings and displacement of Ndiigbo threw the republic into war.

In addition, just recently Montenegro under the watchful eye of the UN Observer mission, with fewer than 5 million followed through with referendum that determined their self-determination and two weeks or so ago, they are free from treachery in, Kosovo. If UN was to move its machinery into Nigeria with its observer mission, the situation will be an astounding 90% in yes for Biafra. Yes Ndiigbo will vote in mass to extricate itself from current experiment, called Nigeria. In the meantime, many MASSOB leaderships are unlawfully held in incarceration or jails; we call for their immediate release from these criminal and unlawful detentions, unconditionally by the government of Nigeria.

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In conclusion, it’s important to reiterate the significant of self-determination call by Ndiigbo. To free Igbo from these illegalities including corruption and contradictions found inside and outside this whole enterprise, Nigeria. For those who are wondering about the Igbo race and its dream for self-determination and the actualization of Republic of Biafra, know yeah this day that we are more determined today, organized, mobilized, stronger more than any other time in history. Those who think we are not united must think again. We might sound differently on issues, that happens because we are republicans and believe in the rule of law, freedom of expression within our political space, freedom which our engineering and democracy was showcased for three years of freedom. Freedom is our heritage, we will not comprise that under no circumstance. Make no mistake, when handshake turns into shoving, it shall be revealed unto you that our body politics is our body unity. By application, it is essential that the government of the day do the right thing. We are racing against time. It must be a must do item that Ndiigbo wherever they may be, at home or in Diaspora, must support self-determination. This has become critical that, if, after 45 years of existence, our extraction will not be allowed the opportunity to produce the president of the enterprise, Nigeria. I hear someone remarked at some quarters that this administration appointed more Igbo than any administration in history.

This writer’s response to that remark is this, vote for Igbo presidency, so that we can also have the same opportunity to not only appoint you Ministers and other places of positions but, we will appoint the right and qualified individuals to these positions better than any other group in the history of Nigeria, way better more than any other major tribe[s] have done, past and present including, Hausa-Fulani and Yoruba. We have displayed this capacity in the past, and, we can do it again. It is insulting to hear commentaries like the aforementioned appointment piece of Niigbo by this administration and all.  It is relevant to protect people’s freedom, and people’s right to live, worship were, how and whenever they pleases. It’s called freedom of religion. Both Nigerians and Biafrans can live together with equal opportunity when it comes to running the system[s], resource allocations, employment, and restoration of peace and similarly, systemically re-structure, a better measured security conscious society for the safety and security of our peoples, and thusly, value is placed on the essence, the sanctity and divinity of human life at all time. No nation can thrive under lawlessness and corruption. Let me finally state that after 39 years of our existence, the great State of Biafra is stronger, better organized and ubiquitously alive. Biafra will be, Nigeria will be.

Carlisle U.O. Umunnah

Is a New York Based Freelance Writer

Contact: cuu1_liberties@yahoo.com

May, 2006



Your Comments

Please make The Square an enjoyable experience for everyone by refraining from gratuitous ad-hominem contributions, defamatory comments and off-topic posting. Such posts will be removed.

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RobotRobot is offline

 # 1 | 05.06.2006 04:48


When I read some writers, detractors and enemies of peoples’ survival and existence write tirel...Read the full article.

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WallaceBoboWallaceBobo is offline

 # 2 | 05.06.2006 12:13

eeeh yah. bros, I feel your pain o. But my guy, all that talk is only wishful thinking and I'll tell you why in a moment.

You see, I'm pretty certain many Igbo wish as you do for an independent Biafra and I agree that a true referendum will come to the same conclusion. Unfortunately, those of you who think this way are voiceless, those that really matter dont give a **** what you think.

When I say those that really matter, don't think I am refering to Obasanjo and/or the Northern elite. No no no. Those that really matter are your Igbo leaders and elite. Yes, those same group of elites (Ojukwu and your local chiefs/leaders/elites) that declared Biafra the first time. My guy, only they can muster the resources (political,economic etc) neccesary to bring attention to your cause. Only when they believe what you believe is there any hope that you can put enough pressure on the international community to rally to your cause. Just think the diplomatic and economic power you would have if the Anyaokus, Achebes, Soludos, Kalus, Ojukwus, Ekwuemes, Okonjo-Iwealas etc etc etc all decide with one voice to pursue the Biafran dream.
But like I said they don't give a **** about your cause.


Your elites would adopt your cause only after strong enough pressure/opportunity e.g the progrom of 1966. I assure you, it is extrememly unlikely for anything that rash to happen again. The Northern elite have learned their lesson. These days they ration the shedding of Igbo blood - not too much as to give your elites a good enough reason to push for secession, but enough to drive patriots like yourself mad.

Again, your elites,like their counterparts everywhere else dont care (enough) about the Biafran dream .
The question then of course is why don't they care? Why?

If I would hazard a guess,, I think the answer lies in the pragmatic nature of your people that has helped them so well in business. Forget patriotism. Why should they stress themselves about Biafra when there is money and power to be had in Naija? After all, your elite have never really been 'marginalized'. Its the only masses. Your elite have in fact done very well for themselves. Many of your businesmen are thriving all over Naija, even in Kano where their poorer kinsman are occasionaly massacred. Perhaps these businessmen and elite write these killing off as acceptable business losses!


hmmm.

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AdamuAdamu is online

 # 3 | 05.06.2006 13:39

This is an example of the nonsense that some frustrated Nigerians write about on the internet.

And when the CNN copy ideas from these types of nonsensical vituperations, some other Nigerians will be asking for the head of the CNN instead of the heads of the foolish, disoriented dreamers in our midst.

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Tsohon SojaTsohon Soja is offline

 # 4 | 05.06.2006 14:29

Ha! Ha! Ha! Haaaaaaaa! - Phew!

Wow!

Another great script from the lands of 'Aki and Paw-Paw'.

God! Can't wait to buy my copy of the VCD.

Brilliant and exceptionally hilarious!

My ribs are cracking!

Waiyo Allah!

He! He! Heeeeeeeeeee! (tears in my eyes)

Shege Umunnah!
You are the 'Greatest'!
Wallahi!

Bobo!
I noticed your effort at suppressing the use of
Chief Zeburudaya (alias 4:30) style English in the script,
Man! let it go!
Thats the killer.

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TonyTony is offline

 # 5 | 05.06.2006 18:31

What fools like Adamu and Tsohon soja do not realise is that, seccession is easier today,than it was in 1967. Reasons are clear enough,the dynamics that led the British to give overwhelming support to Nigeria has changed. Poverty and domination by the North has continued in Nigeria,such that those who supported one Nigeria before,are today questioning the very idea.

The united nations is increasingly getting involved in conducting referendums to determine seccesion as can be seen in East Timor, Montenegro,Kosovo etc.

For most Igbo and indeed Nigerians 2007, will be the final drawing of the line.The way it is handled will determine if Nigeria will survive or not.

Tsohon soja you can laugh your "Gworro mouth" all you like,but i tell you,America has predicted Nigeria's breakup. There might be things which ordinary people like us may not know,that the Americans know,so there is no need to laugh yet, let us wait and see.

As for the Igbo,it is almost certain that the Igbo will fight again,and this time Nigeria cannot win. The final push by over 40 million Igbo will be the final unravelling of Nigeria. So many people will die,but it will be the final and neccesary road to freedom.

Iraq is a good example,that insurgency warfare cannot be won.For Nigeria the clock is ticking.

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pukpabipukpabi is offline

 # 6 | 05.06.2006 20:13

My people,

All living things with the exception of plants can be classified as animals. Of all these living things, "man" is the highest animal. We have higher IQ's. We act with reason. Most of our actions are steeped in logic. That way, we are able to define our personal space, while recognizing that other human beings deserve their own space. We are also able to fight for our rights, while recognizing the rights of others.

This are the basic premise upon which civilization is built, so that the human spirit can rise and blossom. It is this recognition that encouraged emerging polities in the 16th century to recognize that self-determination for a group who find themselves in strange and uncomfortable political contraptions can decide to ask for their freedoms. This is exactly what biafrans are asking.

What baffles me is how the word Biafra elicits rabid excitement among Nigerians. There has been calls by groups from Yorubaland, the minorities in the Niger Delta for a seperate state, and nobody bats an eyelid. Why is it different with Biafra?

I would expect sane and sensible people who think that the idea of Biafra is a bad idea to convince me as to why I should love Nigeria; to convince me as to the reason why they love me so much that they would love to have me in Nigeria. But they have done none of these. Rather, each time someone raises the issue of Biafra, I read and hear vituperations anchored on hatred; the kind that makes Biafra an attractive alternative. When someone writes that the North have learnt their lessons, and that is why they kill Igbo people piecemeal, he thinks it is funny. And this same faceless individual wants me to be a Nigerian. He wants me to be angry, but I thank him for helping to keep Biafra alive.

There is nothing on the ground that shows Nigeria has learned any lessons from her recent past. It is surprising that most Nigerians think that ther is no difference between 1967 and 2006. And this is going to be their waterloo.

Biafra is a must, but I do not know when. The spirit is alive, and when its time comes, there is nothing Nigeria can do about it. When the idea is in the minds of the people, even those who were not born in 1970, there is something wrong with Nigeria. Surprisingly, Nigerians are so comfortable with Nigeria as it is. Biafrans are not, and are not given the opportunity to make a difference, hence the idea of Biafra. As I have said before, and continue to say, Nigeria will make Biafra happen.

Time will tell.


Paschal Ukpabi, JD
Michigan, USA

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EezeeBeeEezeeBee is offline

 # 7 | 05.06.2006 20:30


=pukpabi>

As I have said before, and continue to say, Nigeria will make Biafra happen.



My Oga Pukpabi,

Your quote above is noteworthy. I have to agree that unless Nigeria is fundamentally restructured, fault lines will continue to widen and ideas like Biafra will gain currency. That said, could you kindly provide me with sources for your quote below:


... There has been calls by groups ... the minorities in the Niger Delta for a seperate state...



To the best of my (little) knowledge, the people of the Niger delta have called for resource ownership, not a separate state.

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I Love NigeriaI Love Nigeria is offline

 # 8 | 05.06.2006 20:39

http://www.nigeriavillagesquare.com/content/view/1682/55/
Biafra is DEAD, BURIED and NO MORE!


AND Ndiigbo has sacrificed for the making of Nigeria into what Nigeria is today; Ndiigbo has too much at stake in Nigeria to abandon her now!

Ndiigbo has invested too much in sweat, tears and blood and real Ndiigbo say no to Biafra! Real Ndiigbo should join me in saying, we are not going anywhere outside Nigeria!

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AbraxasAbraxas is offline

 # 9 | 06.06.2006 02:01

Hi, Maazi Carlisle O.U. Umunah!

For you personal enlightenment, East Timor was to Indonesia, as the Niger Delta was to Biafra: crude oil and natural gas were the triggers for bloody conflict in both cases.

The key motivations for secession and the subsequent declaration of a sovereign state of Biafra were predicated on the petroleum resources of the Niger Delta region, rather than the alibi provided by a series of unjustifiable and barbaric acts of ethnic cleansing inflicted on Ndiibo in Northern Nigeria, and parts of Western Nigeria, prior to the civil war.

Muchas gracias, mi amigo, Señor Carlisle Umunnah (Maazi).

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TonyTony is offline

 # 10 | 06.06.2006 05:30

@Wallaceboo,in your ignorance you continue to make the mistake that only Igbos are killed in the North.It is true that most of those killed are Igbos for the simple reason that Igbos are more migratory and more visible,as they display their wares in the streets.While most other Nigerians are too afraid to venture to the North.

But the fact remains that those less than human Northerners whose stock in trade is killing people,do not distinguish,they kill any christian in sight. Infact even Yoruba muslims are also killed,because they dont consider Yoruba muslims to be genuine muslims.

During the last killings,there was a catholic father Fr Gajere who was killed in borno,that father must have been from Delta state.

A lot of people even ignore the fact that Northern christians are killed as well,as we saw recently in jos,and the very bloody Zango kataf riots that happened sometime ago.

Trying to make the killings an Igbo affair is foolhardy. But my advice to wallaceboo is go and live in Sokoto,when the killings begin,come out in public,and let's see if you life will be spared because you are not Igbo.Ewu!


@EAZEEBEE, Asari Dokubo,has consistently asked for a separate state.Go and read his last interview before he was arrested.

@ABRAXAS, East timor, has gone with their oil but Indonesia has not collapsed. Oil is only relevant for people who cannot use their heads,and that is what is killing Nigeria.
The richest and greatest nations do not have oil. Germany does not have oil, Japan does not have oil etc. etc. What they have is their brains and they are better for it.Even your oil is being drilled here in Nigeria for you by those who have the brains,and i can tell you that the oil companies are making more money than Nigeria.

Besides Ndigbo have some oil as well, and are the only group that is supporting resource control for the Niger-Delta 100%, go and check the records of the National political reforms conference.

However dont forget that one day the oil will run dry,when that happens i will see how your lazy arses will survive. ABRAXAS i strongly advice you to visit Oloibiri,where the first oil well that has now run dry was located. Your experience after visiting Oloibiri will be an eye opener,as to what the future of your Niger-Delta will be when the oil wells dry up.Beware!

What you dont know is that Without oil most of the Niger-Delta would be totally useless. There is even no land to farm,as most of the areas are creeks and swamps.Of what use will creeks and swamps be to anybody?

The greatest difference between the blackman,and the Whiteman is that while the Blackman plans for only today and tommorrow,the Whiteman plans for more than 100 years ahead of their time. Today everybody in Nigeria is struggling for oil, none has ever bothered to look ahead to 40 or 50 years time when the oil wells might have dried up,or when cheaper alternatives might have been discovered.
 

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